Rujukan Perang Soviet di Afghanistan

  1. ↑ Lacina, Bethany; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths" (PDF). European Journal of Population. 21: 154. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada Oktober 6, 2014. Dicapai pada Disember 8, 2018. Parameter |dead-url= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  2. ↑ Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87," Central Asian Survey, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.
  3. ↑ Marek Sliwinski, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People," Orbis (Winter, 1989), p.39.
  4. ↑ Klass, Rosanne (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Transaction Publishers. m/s. 129. ISBN 978-1-4128-3965-5. During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerrilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ Bradsher, Henry S. Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Durham: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1983. hal. 72-73
  7. ↑ Hilali, A. Z. “The Soviet Penetration into Afghanistan and the Marxist Coup.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 18, no. 4 (2005): 673-716, hal. 709.
  8. ↑ Garthoff, Raymond L. Détente and Confrontation. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Insitute, 1994. hal. 986.
  9. ↑ "Afghanistan: Soviet Union". Dicapai pada 27 November. Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Periksa date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
  10. ↑ Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975-79 - Library of congress country studies, URL dicapai pada 4 Februari 2007
  11. ↑ Bennett Andrew(1999); A bitter harvest: Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and its effects on Afghan political movements, URL dicapai pada 4 Februari 2007
  12. ↑ "Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S. President Carter's National Security Adviser". Le Nouvel Observateur. 1998. Dicapai pada 27 November. Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Periksa date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)
  13. ↑ Garthoff, Raymond L. Détente and Confrontation. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Insitute, 1994. hal. 1017-1018
  14. ↑ Arnold, Anthony. Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1983. jal. 96.
  15. ↑ Garthoff, Raymond L. Détente and Confrontation. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Insitute, 1994. hal. 1017.
  16. ↑ The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979: Failure of Intelligence or of the Policy Process? - Page 7
  17. ↑ Fisk, Robert. The Great War for Civilisation: the Conquest of the Middle East. London: Alfred Knopf, 2005. hal. 40-41 ISBN 1-84115-007-X
  18. ↑ Carey Schofield, The Russian Elite, Greenhill/Stackpole, 1993, hal. 60-61
  19. ↑ "A/ES-6/2 The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security". PBB. 14 Januari 1980. Dicapai pada 4 Februari. Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Periksa date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (bantuan)
  20. ↑ "Russian Political Maneuvers & Hypocrisies in Afghanistan". Jamiat-e-Islami Afghanistan. September 1981. Dicapai pada 4 Februari. Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Periksa date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (bantuan)
  21. ↑ "Did the U.S. "Create" Osama bin Laden?([[14 Januari]] [[2005]])". US Department of State. Dicapai pada 28 Mac. Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Tanda italik atau tebal tidak dibenarkan dalam: |publisher= (bantuan); Periksa date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan); Konflik URL pautan wiki (bantuan)
  22. ↑ Amnesty International file on Afghanistan URL dicapai pada 22 Mac 2006
  23. ↑ Krivosheev, G. F. (1993). Combat Losses and Casualties in the Twentieth Century. London, England: Greenhill Books.
  24. ↑ Death Tolls for the Major Wars ...
  25. 1 2 Kaplan, Soldiers of God (2001) (hal.11)
  26. ↑ Kaplan, Soldiers of God (2001) hal.188
  27. ↑ "MINES PUT AFGHANS IN PERIL ON RETURN,"By ROBERT PEAR, New York Times, Aug 14, 1988. hal. 9 (1 halaman)
  28. ↑ Messages to the World, 2006, hal.50. (March 1997 interview with Peter Arnett
  29. ↑ Menuurut Andrey Karaulov, Najibullah kehilangan kekuasaan kerana Rusia menolak menjual minyak atas sebab politik

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